Experimental and observational studies often lead to spurious association between the outcome and independent variables describing the intervention, because of confounding to third-party factors. Even in randomized clinical trials, confounding might be unavoidable due to small sample sizes. Practically, this poses a problem, because it is either expensive to re-design and conduct a new study or even impossible to alleviate the contribution of some confounders due to e.g. ethical concerns. Here, we propose a method to consistently derive hypothetical studies that retain as many of the dependencies in the original study as mathematically possible, while removing any association of observed confounders to the independent variables. Using historic studies, we illustrate how the confounding-free scenario re-estimates the effect size of the intervention. The new effect size estimate represents a concise prediction in the hypothetical scenario which paves a way from the original data towards the design of future studies.

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