Polarization arises when the underlying network connecting the members of a community or society becomes characterized by highly connected groups with weak inter-group connectivity. The increasing polarization, the strengthening of echo chambers, and the isolation caused by information filters in social networks are increasingly attracting the attention of researchers from different areas of knowledge such as computer science, economics, social and political sciences. This work presents an annotated review of network polarization measures and models used to handle the polarization. Several approaches for measuring polarization in graphs and networks were identified, including those based on homophily, modularity, random walks, and balance theory. The strategies used for reducing polarization include methods that propose edge or node editions (including insertions or deletions, as well as edge weight modifications), changes in social network design, or changes in the recommendation systems embedded in these networks.

翻译：网络极化是指组成某个社区或社会的成员之间的网络变得由高连通度的群体和弱的组间连接所特征化。社交网络中不断增加的极化、回声室的加强以及信息过滤所造成的隔离，正越来越受到来自计算机科学、经济学、社会和政治科学等不同领域的研究者的关注。本文对用于处理极化的网络极化度量和模型进行了注释评述。识别出了几种用于在图形和网络中测量极化的方法，包括基于同质性、模块性、随机游走和平衡理论的方法。减少极化的策略包括提出边缘或节点的修改(包括插入或删除，以及边缘权重的修改)的方法，改变社交网络设计，或者改变嵌入在这些网络中的推荐系统。