We consider the cubic nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation with a spatially rough potential, a key equation in the mathematical setup for nonlinear Anderson localization. Our study comprises two main parts: new optimal results on the well-posedness analysis on the PDE level, and subsequently a new efficient numerical method, its convergence analysis and simulations that illustrate our analytical results. In the analysis part, our results focus on understanding how the regularity of the solution is influenced by the regularity of the potential, where we provide quantitative and explicit characterizations. Ill-posedness results are also established to demonstrate the sharpness of the obtained regularity characterizations and to indicate the minimum regularity required from the potential for the NLS to be solvable. Building upon the obtained regularity results, we design an appropriate numerical discretization for the model and establish its convergence with an optimal error bound. The numerical experiments in the end not only verify the theoretical regularity results, but also confirm the established convergence rate of the proposed scheme. Additionally, a comparison with other existing schemes is conducted to demonstrate the better accuracy of our new scheme in the case of a rough potential.

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