The potential of gaze for hands-free mobile interaction is increasingly evident. While each gaze input technique presents distinct advantages and limitations, a combination can amplify strengths and mitigate challenges. We report on the results of a user study (N=24), in which we compared the usability and performance of pairing three popular gaze input techniques: Dwell Time, Pursuits, and Gaze Gestures, for navigation and selection tasks while sitting and walking. Results show that pairing gestures for navigation with either Dwell time or Pursuits for selection improves task completion time and rate compared to using either individually. We discuss the implications of pairing gaze input techniques, such as how Pursuits may negatively impact other techniques, likely due to the visual clutter it adds, how integrating gestures for navigation reduces the chances of unintentional selections, and the impact of motor activity on performance. Our findings provide insights for effective gaze-enabled interfaces.

翻译：凝视作为免手持移动交互方式的潜力日益凸显。尽管每种凝视输入技术均具有独特的优势与局限，但将其组合使用可增强优势并缓解挑战。本文报告了一项用户研究（N=24）的结果，在该研究中，我们比较了三种主流凝视输入技术——驻留时间、追踪与凝视手势——在坐姿与行走状态下配对用于导航和选择任务的可用性与性能。结果表明，将手势用于导航，并结合驻留时间或追踪用于选择，相较于单独使用任一技术，能提升任务完成时间与成功率。我们探讨了配对凝视输入技术的影响，例如追踪技术可能因增加视觉干扰而对其他技术产生负面影响，整合手势导航如何降低误选概率，以及运动活动对性能的影响。本研究为设计高效的凝视交互界面提供了重要见解。