Instrumental variable methods are often used for parameter estimation in the presence of confounding. They can also be applied in stochastic processes. Instrumental variable analysis exploits moment equations to obtain estimators for causal parameters. We show that in stochastic processes one can find such moment equations using an integrated covariance matrix. This provides new instrumental variable methods, instrumental variable methods in a class of continuous-time processes as well as a unified treatment of discrete- and continuous-time processes.

翻译：仪器变量方法经常在出现混乱的情况下用于参数估计,也可以用于随机过程。仪器变量分析利用时钟方程式获得因果参数的估计值。我们显示,在随机过程中,人们可以使用综合共变量矩阵找到这种时钟方程式。这提供了新的工具变量方法、连续时间过程类别中的工具变量方法以及对离散和连续时间过程的统一处理。