This work proposes an efficient space-time two-grid compact difference (ST-TGCD) scheme for solving the two-dimensional (2D) viscous Burgers' equation subject to initial and periodic boundary conditions. The proposed approach combines a compact finite difference discretization with a two-grid strategy to achieve high computational efficiency without sacrificing accuracy. In the coarse-grid stage, a fixed-point iteration is employed to handle the nonlinear system, while in the fine-grid stage, linear temporal and cubic spatial Lagrange interpolations are used to construct initial approximations. The final fine-grid solution is refined through a carefully designed linearized correction scheme. Rigorous analysis establishes unconditional convergence of the method, demonstrating second-order accuracy in time and fourth-order accuracy in space. Numerical experiments verify the theoretical results and show that the ST-TGCD scheme reduces CPU time by more than 70\% compared with the traditional nonlinear compact difference (NCD) method, while maintaining comparable accuracy. These findings confirm the proposed scheme as a highly efficient alternative to conventional nonlinear approaches.

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