As systems become increasingly complex, conducting effective safety analysis in the earlier phases of a system's lifecycle is essential to identify and mitigate risks before they escalate. To that end, this paper investigates the capabilities of key safety analysis techniques, namely: Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA), Functional Hazard Analysis (FHA), and Functional Failure Identification and Propagation (FFIP), along with the current state of the literature in terms of their integration into Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE). A two-phase approach is adopted. The first phase is focused on contrasting FMEA, FHA, and FFIP techniques, examining their procedures, along with a documentation of their relative strengths and limitations. Our analysis highlights FFIP's capability in identifying emergent system behaviors, second-order effects, and fault propagation; thus, suggesting it is better suited for the safety needs of modern interconnected systems. Second, we review the existing research on the efforts to integrate each of these methods into MBSE. We find that MBSE integration efforts primarily focus on FMEA, and integration of FHA and FFIP is nascent. Additionally, FMEA-MBSE integration efforts could be organized into four categories: model-to-model transformation, use of external customized algorithms, built-in MBSE packages, and manual use of standard MBSE diagrams. While our findings indicate a variety of MBSE integration approaches, there is no universally established framework or standard. This leaves room for an integration approach that could support the ongoing Digital Engineering transformation efforts by enabling a more synergistic lifecycle safety management methods and tools.

翻译：随着系统日益复杂，在系统生命周期的早期阶段进行有效的安全分析至关重要，以便在风险升级前识别并缓解风险。为此，本文研究了关键安全分析技术的能力，即：故障模式与影响分析（FMEA）、功能危害分析（FHA）和功能失效识别与传播（FFIP），以及它们在文献中与基于模型的系统工程（MBSE）集成的现状。本文采用了两阶段方法。第一阶段重点对比FMEA、FHA和FFIP技术，考察其流程，并记录其相对优势和局限性。我们的分析强调了FFIP在识别系统涌现行为、二阶效应和故障传播方面的能力，因此表明它更适合现代互联系统的安全需求。其次，我们回顾了现有研究关于将这些方法分别集成到MBSE中的努力。我们发现，MBSE集成工作主要集中在FMEA上，而FHA和FFIP的集成尚处于起步阶段。此外，FMEA-MBSE集成工作可分为四类：模型到模型转换、使用外部定制算法、内置MBSE包以及手动使用标准MBSE图。尽管我们的研究结果表明存在多种MBSE集成方法，但尚未形成普遍建立的框架或标准。这为开发一种集成方法留下了空间，该方法可以通过实现更具协同性的生命周期安全管理方法和工具，支持正在进行的数字工程转型工作。