Real-time captioning is a critical accessibility tool for many d/Deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) people. While the vast majority of captioning work has focused on formal settings and technical innovations, in contrast, we investigate captioning for informal, interactive small-group conversations, which have a high degree of spontaneity and foster dynamic social interactions. This paper reports on semi-structured interviews and design probe activities we conducted with 15 DHH participants to understand their use of existing real-time captioning services and future design preferences for both in-person and remote small-group communication. We found that our participants' experiences of captioned small-group conversations are shaped by social, environmental, and technical considerations (e.g., interlocutors' pre-established relationships, the type of captioning displays available, and how far captions lag behind speech). When considering future captioning tools, participants were interested in greater feedback on non-speech elements of conversation (e.g., speaker identity, speech rate, volume) both for their personal use and to guide hearing interlocutors toward more accessible communication. We contribute a qualitative account of DHH people's real-time captioning experiences during small-group conversation and future design considerations to better support the groups being captioned, both in person and online.

翻译：实时字幕是许多D/Deaf和听力困难(DHH)人的一种至关重要的无障碍工具。尽管绝大多数字幕工作侧重于正规环境和技术创新,但我们调查了非正式、互动的小群体对话的字幕,这些对话具有高度的自发性和促进动态社会互动。本文报告了半结构性访谈和设计活动,我们与15个DHHH参与者一起开展的探索活动,以了解他们使用现有的实时字幕服务和未来设计偏好,供个人和远程小群体交流使用。我们发现,我们的参与者在有字幕的小群体对话中的经历是由社会、环境和技术因素(例如对话者预先建立的关系、字幕展示的类型以及字幕比演讲落后多少)决定的。在考虑未来的字幕工具时,与会者有兴趣更多地了解关于非语音对话要素(例如,发言者身份、语音率、数量)的反馈,并引导访谈对话对话者进行更方便的沟通。我们为DHHE的实时对话者提供高质量的支持,在小型对话小组中,以及未来设计中,我们为DHHE的在线对话者提供更好的实时字幕。