Geospatial decentralization is essential for blockchains, ensuring regulatory resilience, robustness, and fairness. We empirically analyze five major Proof of Stake (PoS) blockchains: Aptos, Avalanche, Ethereum, Solana, and Sui, revealing that a few geographic regions dominate consensus voting power, resulting in limited geospatial decentralization. To address this, we propose Geospatially aware Proof of Stake (GPoS), which integrates geospatial diversity with stake-based voting power. Experimental evaluation demonstrates an average 45% improvement in geospatial decentralization, as measured by the Gini coefficient of Eigenvector centrality, while incurring minimal performance overhead in BFT protocols, including HotStuff and CometBFT. These results demonstrate that GPoS can improve geospatial decentralization {while, in our experiments, incurring minimal overhead} to consensus performance.

翻译：地理空间去中心化对于区块链至关重要，它确保了监管弹性、鲁棒性和公平性。我们实证分析了五大权益证明（PoS）区块链：Aptos、Avalanche、Ethereum、Solana 和 Sui，发现少数地理区域主导了共识投票权，导致地理空间去中心化程度有限。为解决这一问题，我们提出了地理空间感知的权益证明（GPoS），将地理空间多样性与基于权益的投票权相结合。实验评估表明，以特征向量中心性的基尼系数衡量，地理空间去中心化平均提升了45%，同时在包括HotStuff和CometBFT在内的BFT协议中仅产生微小的性能开销。这些结果表明，GPoS能够提升地理空间去中心化水平，且在我们的实验中仅对共识性能造成最低限度的额外负担。