Goal-oriented error estimation provides the ability to approximate the discretization error in a chosen functional quantity of interest. Adaptive mesh methods provide the ability to control this discretization error to obtain accurate quantity of interest approximations while still remaining computationally feasible. Traditional discrete goal-oriented error estimates incur linearization errors in their derivation. In this paper, we investigate the role of linearization errors in adaptive goal-oriented error simulations. In particular, we develop a novel two-level goal-oriented error estimate that is free of linearization errors. Additionally, we highlight how linearization errors can facilitate the verification of the adjoint solution used in goal-oriented error estimation. We then verify the newly proposed error estimate by applying it to a model nonlinear problem for several quantities of interest and further highlight its asymptotic effectiveness as mesh sizes are reduced. In an adaptive mesh context, we then compare the newly proposed estimate to a more traditional two-level goal-oriented error estimate. We highlight that accounting for linearization errors in the error estimate can improve its effectiveness in certain situations and demonstrate that localizing linearization errors can lead to more optimal adapted meshes.

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