We evaluate the outage probability and the energy efficiency (EE) of a LoRa network when the end-devices (EDs) are capable of exchanging messages with a device-to-device (D2D) technology. Our proposal is to assess the performance of the network when operating under the concept of network-coded cooperation (NCC), where the EDs are capable of transmitting linear combinations of more than one frame (including frames of another ED), performed over a non-binary finite field. We consider both connection and collision probabilities when modelling the outage probability of an ED, as well as a realistic power consumption model to evaluate the EE. Our results indicate that the proposed scheme, which we refer to as NCC-LoRa, provides considerable gains in terms of both outage probability and EE when compared to a regular LoRa network, even when considering the additional consumption of D2D communication.

翻译：当最终装置(EDs)能够用设备对设备(D2D)技术交换电文时,我们评估LoRa网络的断流概率和能源效率,我们的建议是评估网络在根据网络编码合作概念(NCC)运作时的性能,即EDs能够传输一个以上框架(包括另一个ED框架)的线性组合(包括另一个ED框架),在非二进制有限领域进行。当模拟ED的断流概率时,我们既考虑连接性和碰撞概率,也考虑一个现实的电能消耗模型,以评价EE。我们的结果表明,我们称为NCC-LORA的拟议计划,在与常规LoRa网络相比,即使考虑D2D通信的额外消耗量时,在断流概率和EEE方面都取得了相当大的收益。